2021-2022學(xué)年湖南師大附中高二（下）期中英語試卷
發(fā)布：2024/4/20 14:35:0
第二部分 閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分37.5分）第一節(jié) （共4小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。
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1．Women scientists around the world have made significant contributions to Stem （science，technology，engineering，and maths）.Here are four who pushed boundaries and changed the world.
Wu Chienshiung （1912—1997）
Born in Taicang，Jiangsu province，Wu took part in the Manhattan Project which helped create the world's first nuclear weapon.Her famous Wu experiment overturned the theory of parity（宇稱理論） in physics.This breakthrough led to a Nobel Prize that was awarded to her male colleagues，but Wu's critical role in the work was overlooked.
Hedy Lamarr （1914—2000）
Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood films and made great success.She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor.During the second world war，Lamarr together with George Antheil，a composer，developed a radio guidance system.The principle of their work is part of the basis of Bluetooth and wireless technology.
Katherine Johns （1918—2020）
African American NASA mathematician Johnson's calculations were critical in getting the first US astronauts to space and back safely.During her 33-year career at NASA，Katherine earned a reputation for mastering complex calculations and was referred to as a "human computer".
Tu Youyou （1930—）
Born in Ningbo，Zhejiang province，Tu shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two other foreign scientists，for her work in discovering artemisinin，a drug used to treat malaria（瘧疾）.Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world.Tu is the first Chinese Nobel winner in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the PRC to win a Nobel Prize.
（1）Besides being an inventor，Hedy Lamarr is also a（n）.
A．composer
B．producer
C．a(chǎn)ctress
D．mathematician
（2）What is Tu Youyou's greatest contribution to the world？
A．She treated people for cancer.
B．She is the first Chinese Nobel winner.
C．Her discovery helped save millions.
D．Her research project is one of a kind.
（3）What do the four female scientists have in common according to the text？
A．They shared the same interest.
B．They each constructed a theory.
C．They were all awarded the Nobel Prize.
D．They all made a difference to the world.組卷：23引用：9難度：0.5 -
2．It was near New Year 2014，and David Fajgenbaum，who was battling Castleman disease，was rushed to a CT scan in an Arkansas hospital.Tears streamed down his face.He thought about the first patient who'd died under his care and how her brain had bled in a similar way from a stroke（中風）.
But he survived.Also，this experience led David to complete " the undertaking" surprising his doctors. "You learn a lot by almost dying，" they said.
It was in 2010 that David got very sick and was hospitalized for five months.He was learning to become a doctor at the University of Pennsylvania in memory of his mother who died of cancer.The examination showed it was idiopathic multi-centric Castleman disease （MCD）.First described in 1954，Castleman presents partly like an autoimmune（自身免疫的） condition and partly like cancer.It doesn't happen very often — there're only around 7，000 new cases each year in the United States，so a very limited number of experts are on it.
In his hospital bed，David felt weak.His organs were failing，and he noticed curious red spots on his skin.He asked doctors what the "blood moles" meant.But they，focused on saving his life，weren't interested in them.Castleman disease struck David four more times over the next three years.Despite it all，he managed to graduate and later founded the Castleman Disease Collaborative Network （CDCN） devoted to fighting Castleman disease.
In late 2013，Castleman struck again，landing David in that Arkansas hospjye.aial.It marked his closest brush with death yet.After this time，David set out to try to save his own life.Examining his medical charts，he zeroed in on an idea that researchers hadn't explored.With considerable effort，he found a drug called Sirolimus might be beneficial to his discase.After consulting with his doctors，he picked up the drug.So far，it's working.David is in recovery and devoting his medical career to saving other patients like him. "I hope my story offers lessons far beyond medicine about what people can do when they're up against a brick wall，" says David.
（1）How did David feel when having the CT scan？
A．Grateful.
B．Awkward.
C．Hopeless.
D．Unsure.
（2）What does "the undertaking" in paragraph 2 refer to？
A．David founded the CDCN.
B．David recovered from Castleman.
C．David survived the CT scan.
D．David found a way to treat his disease.
（3）What do we know about Castleman disease？
A．It is a rare disease.
B．It killed David's mother.
C．It is a kind of cancer.
D．It interested many experts.
（4）Which of the following can best describe David？
A．Selfless and optimistic.
B．Determined and observant.
C．Ambitious and confident.
D．Warm-hearted and hardworking.組卷：2引用：2難度：0.3 -
3．No one can say whether human-like robots will have a sweet dream，but they will almost certainly need periods of rest that offer benefits like what sleep provides to living brains，according to new research from Los Alamos National Laboratory （LANL）.
"We study spiking neural networks （尖峰神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)），which are systems that learn much as living brains do，" said Yijing Watkins，a computer scientist from LANL. "We trained a neuromorphic （神經(jīng)形態(tài)的） processor in a way how humans and other biological systems learn from their environment during childhood development." Watkins and her research team found that the network simulations （模擬） became unstable after continuous periods of unattended learning.When they exposed the networks to states that are analogous to what living brains experience during sleep，stability was recovered. "It was as though we were giving the neural networks a good night's rest，" said Watkins.
The discovery came about as the research team worked to develop neural networks that are as close as how humans and other biological systems learn to see.The group initially struggled with stabilizing simulated neural networks undergoing unattended dictionary training，which involves classifying objects without providing examples to compare them to.The researchers expose the networks to an artificial simulation of sleep as nearly a final effort to stabilize them.They experimented with various types of noise.The best results came when they used waves of so-called Gaussian noise.These waves can make sure that the neural networks keep stable.
The group's next goal is to apply their algorithm （算法） to Intel's Loihi，a product which uses spiking neural networks to work.They hope allowing Loihi to sleep from time to time will enable it to stably process information from a camera in real time.If it can confirm the need for sleep in artificial brains，we can probably expect the same to be true of human-like robots and other intelligent machines that may come about in the future.
（1）What did Watkins and her research team find？
A．Neural networks are far from stable.
B．Artificial brains may need break as well.
C．Neural networks are very sensitive to noise.
D．Human-like robots need equal rest to humans.
（2）What does the underlined word "analogous" in paragraph 2 mean？
A．Contrary.
B．Beneficial.
C．Similar.
D．Related.
（3）Why will the researchers apply the algorithm to Loihi？
A．To better update Loihi.
B．B.To enable Loihi to run faster.
C．To further confirm their discovery.
D．To make sure Loihi get enough sleep.
（4）In which section can we probably find this article？
A．Mind & Brain.
B．Business & Industry.
C．Medicine & Care.
D．Computer & Science.組卷：4引用：4難度：0.5 -
4．Several years ago，Jason Box，a scientist from Ohio，flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier（冰川） in Greenland.He and his team spread them across 10，000 feet of ice，then left.His idea was that the white blanket would reflect back the rays of the sun，keeping the ice cool below.When he came back to check the results，he found it worked.Exposed ice had melted faster than covered ice.He had not only saved two feet of glacier in a short time.No coal plants were shut down，no jobs were lost，and nobody was taxed or fired.Just the sort of fix we're looking for.
"Thank you，but no thank you." says Ralph King，a climate scientist.He told Grey Childs，author and commentator，that people think technology can save the planet，"but there are other things we need to deal with，like consumption.They burned ＄50，000 just for the helicopter" to bring the plastic to the glacier.This experiment，quote-unquote，gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior.It can't.Technology won't give us a free ride.
Individuals respond to climate change differently.Climatologist Kelly Smith is hardly alone in her prediction that someday soon we won't be climate victims，we will be climate Choosers.More scientists agree with her that if the human race survives.The engineers will get smarter，the tools will get better，and one day we will control the climate.jye.ai that then？ "Just the mention of us controlling the climate sent a small shiver down my back，Grey writes." "Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will，" he says.
Me？I like it better when the earth takes care of itself，I guess one day we will have to run the place，but for the moment，sitting at my desk，looking out at the trees bending wildly and the wind howling，I'm happy not to be in charge.
（1）Why does the author mention Jason Box's experiment in the first paragraph？
A．To introduce a possible solution to climate change.
B．To describe a misleading attempt to fix the climate.
C．To report on a successful experiment on saving the glacier.
D．To arouse people's attention to the problem of global warming.
（2）Which statement would Ralph King most probably agree with？
A．The fight against climate change will not succeed.
B．Technology is not the final solution，let alone its high cost.
C．It's best to deal with climate change without changing our behavior.
D．Jason's experiment plays a significant role in fixing climate change.
（3）What is Grey Childs's attitude to human's controlling the climate？
A．Favorable.
B．Tolerant.
C．Doubtful.
D．Unclear.
（4）Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？
A．But should we fix the climate？
B．Is climate change a real problem？
C．How can we take care of the earth？
D．What if all the glaciers disappeared？組卷：55引用：6難度：0.5
第二節(jié) （共1小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。
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5．Culture shock refers to the anxiety and feelings （of surprise，uncertainty，confusion，etc.） felt when people have to operate within a different and unknown cultural or social environment，such as a foreign country.Generally speaking，we could say that there are four stages of culture shock.The first stage is called "the honeymoon".In this stage，you are excited about living in a different place. （1）
The next stage is "the hostility（敵意） stage".In this stage，you begin to notice not everything is as good as you originally thought it was. （2）Moreover，people don't treat you like a guest anymore.Then you come to the third stage called "recovery". （3）You have learned enough to understand the new culture.The whole situation starts to become more favorable and you begin to learn to adapt yourself to it.The last stage of culture shock is called "adjustment".In this stage，you have reached a point where you actually feel good.（4）The things that originally made you feel uncomfortable or strange are now things that you finally understand.Now you have adjusted to the new culture and you feel comfortable.Not all individuals visiting another country will experience all these four stages. （5）It also occurs within cultures as individuals move from place to place or from one setting to another （e.g.，from high school to college）.A.In this stage，you start to feel more depressed.
B.And you try to develop comprehension of everything you don't understand.
C.In addition，culture shock is not limited to the overseas visitor.
D.You become tired of many things about the new culture.
E.In this stage，you start to feel more positive.
F.You begin to understand you need to travel a lot.
G.And everything seems to be marvelous and everybody seems to be so nice to you.組卷：3引用：2難度：0.5
第三部分 語言運用（共三節(jié)，滿分15分）第一節(jié) （共1小題；每小題15分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
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6．Raynor Winn and her husband Moth became homeless due to their wrong investment.Their savings had been（1）
to pay lawyers' fees.To make matters worse，Moth was diagnosed（診斷） with a serious disease.There was no（2），only pain relief.
Failing to find any other way out，they decided to make a（3）journey，as they caught sight of an old hikers'（徒步旅行者） guide.
This was a long journey of unaccustomed hardship and（4）recovery.When leaving home，Raynor and Moth had just ￡ 320 in the bank.They planned to keep the（5）low by living on boiled noodles，with the occasional hamburger shop treat.
Wild camping is（6）in England.The Winns had to get their tent up late and packed it away early in the morning to avoid being caught.They soon discovered that daily hiking in their 50s is a lot（7）than they remember it was in their 20s.Raynor（8）all over and desired a bath.Moth，meanwhile，after an initial struggle，found his symptoms were strangely（9）by their daily tiring journey.
（10），the couple found that their bodies turned for the better，with re-found strong muscles that they thought had（11）forever. "Our hair was fried and falling out，nails broken，clothes（12）to a thread，but we were alive."
During the journey，Raynor began a career as a nature writer.She writes， "（13）had taken every material thing from me and left me torn bare，an empty page at the end of a（n）（14）written book.It had also given me a choice，either to leave that page（15）or to keep writing the story with hope.I chose hope."（1） A．torn apart B．used up C．given away D．set aside （2） A．cure B．fortune C．demand D．promise （3） A．bus B．train C．walking D．cycling （4） A．predicted B．upsetting C．frightening D．unexpected （5） A．schedule B．budget C．routine D．income （6） A．illegal B．practical C．a(chǎn)ttractive D．unpopular （7） A．funnier B．easier C．cheaper D．tougher （8） A．rolled B．bled C．a(chǎn)ched D．trembled （9） A．developed B．relieved C．controlled D．recognized （10） A．Finally B．Hopefully C．Casually D．Slowly （11） A．gained B．kept C．recovered D．lost （12） A．sewn B．washed C．ironed D．worn （13） A．Doctors B．Wilderness C．Homelessness D．Lawyers （14） A．well B．neatly C．partly D．initially （15） A．lose B．blank C．full D．a(chǎn)vailable 組卷：8引用：1難度：0.3
第三節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15.0分）請用括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式填空。
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17．Please fill in the form below with your name，age and
（occupy）.組卷：5引用：4難度：0.7
第四部分 寫作（滿分25分）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。
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18．The bus ran along the winding mountain road.Trying not to look at the road，I stared out the large window at the tropical greenery（綠色植物） that covered the mountain.
Next to me，my mother was as absorbed by the view as I was.She had won the trip to Costa Rica as an award for her high performance at her job.She had decided to take me with her so that we could have some "girl time" together in a new place，and I couldn't be happier to be in such a beautiful place.
Our bus came to a small parking lot surrounded by forest.Our guide had told the tour group that it was a cloud forest we were visiting.People started to rise from their seats and moved toward the door.My mom and I picked up our bags and started down the narrow passage，excited to finally get to go on a hike after the hour-long bus ride.
When the entire group had gathered outside，the guide smiled at us. "This is an active volcano we are standing on top of now，" he said. "You have the opportunity to explore without a guide.There are two paths you can follow when we get into the woods：the first is a shorter loop（環(huán)線） and will take you back here in forty minutes or so；the second will take you a longer way，and you should be back here in an hour and twenty minutes.The longer loop is very steep，but certainly doable.All of you should be back here in two hours，which should give you plenty of time to admire the beautiful wildlife of Costa Rica!Go ahead and get started!"
Mom looked at me uncertainly. "I assume you would like to do the longer loop，" she said after a moment.I nodded.We only had five days here，and I wanted to see as much as I could during that time.Mom finally agreed.
注意：
1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；
2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。
We set out on the trail that led further into the dark cloud forest.
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Gradually both of us realized the road got steeper and steeper.
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