It's common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci's most famous painting seems to look back at observers，following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room．But this common knowledge turns out wrong．
A new study finds that the woman in the painting is actually looking out at an angle that's 15.4 degrees off to the observer's right-well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right at them．In other words，said the study author，Horstmann， "She's not looking at you． " This is somewhat ironic，because the entire phenomenon of a person's gaze （凝視） in a photograph or painting seeming to follow the viewer is called the "Mona Lisa effect"．That effect is absolutely real，Horstmann said．If a person is illustrated or photographed looking straight ahead，even people viewing the portrait from an angle will feel they are being looked at．As long as the angle of the person's gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side，the Mona Lisa effect occurs．
This is important for human interaction with on-screen characters．If you want someone off to the right side of a room to feel that a person on-screen is looking at him or her，you don't cut the gaze of the character to that side-surprisingly，doing so would make an observer feel like the character isn't looking at anyone in the room at all．Instead，you keep the gaze straight ahead．
Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars（虛擬頭像） when Horstmann took a long look at the "Mona Lisa" and realized she wasn't looking at him．
To make sure it wasn't just him，the researchers asked 24 people to view images of the "Mona Lisa" on a computer screen．They set a ruler between the viewer and the screen and asked the participants to note which number on the ruler intersected（和……相交） Mona Lisa's gaze．To calculate the angle of Mona Lisa's gaze as she looked at the viewer，they moved the ruler farther from or closer to the screen during the study．Consistently，the researchers found，participants judged that the woman in the "Mona Lisa" portrait was not looking straight at them，but slightly off to their right．
So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer？Horstmann isn't sure．It's possible，he said，that people have the desire to be looked at，so they think the woman is looking straight at them．Or maybe the people who first coined the term "Mona Lisa effect" just thought it was a cool name．
（1）It is generally believed that the woman in the painting "Mona Lisa"DD．
A．a(chǎn)ttracts the viewers to look back
B．seems mysterious because of her eyes
C．fixes her eyes on the back of the viewers
D．looks at the viewers wherever they stand
（2）What gaze range in a painting will cause the Mona Lisa effect？BB
A． |
B． |
C． |
D． |
A
A
．A．confirm Horstmann's belief
B．create artificial-intelligence avatars
C．calculate the angle of Mona Lisa's gaze
D．explain how the Mona Lisa effect can be applied
（4）What can we learn from the passage？
C
C
A．Horstmann thinks it's cool to coin the term "Mona Lisa effect"．
B．The Mona Lisa effect contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence．
C．Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention．
D．The position of the ruler in the experiment will influence the viewers' judgement．
【答案】D；B；A；C
【解答】
【點評】
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發(fā)布：2024/4/20 14:35:0組卷：14引用：3難度：0.5
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2．Hi Judy!
You often complain to me that you always buy goods unreasonably on sale promotion（促銷）and feel it shameful after going back to your school dormitory with new things not needed，considering all the money you spend is your parents' income．
In fact，this is a common phenomenon，called impulsive buying，a buying unplanned and hard to control．It usually happens when a store offers discounts（打折）or sales promotion-a special way used by stores to get more customers，which means you may fall into its traps even without notice．
Stores，with a good knowledge of customers' psychology（心理），make use of it to drive business．Avoiding all the impulsive buying is a hard thing．However，knowing our psychology behind it and reducing the times when influenced by sales promotion may be useful．So you should keep calm when facing the sales promotion by keeping in mind what you really need．
Find out the conditions where you are likely to buy things blindly．When seeing a dress advertised at 20% off，do not concentrate on the discount，but warn yourself against falling into the trap of "saving money''．
Besides，do not forget the long-term effects of your choice when meeting a sales promotion．Short-term benefits，like excited feeling just after buying items encourage impulsive buying．But the long-term costs such as waste of money and the sense of shame really annoy you．When seeing the advertisements，remember what you really want to buy originally and warn yourself of that terrible feeling．Only in this way can you save money for really needed things．
Yours，
Rachel
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The most stressful thing about blue-collar life is knowing your job could disappear over night.Issues like being laid off and overseas relocation had always seemed distant to me until my co-workers told me that the unit I was working in would shut down within six months and move to Mexico，where people would work for 60 cents an hour.
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